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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on January 8, 2009
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp004
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Transcript Profiling of an Arabidopsis PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR Arrhythmic Triple Mutant Reveals a Role for the Circadian Clock in Cold Stress Response

Norihito Nakamichi1,2,6, Miyako Kusano3, Atsushi Fukushima3, Masanori Kita4, Shogo Ito4, Takafumi Yamashino4, Kazuki Saito3,5, Hitoshi Sakakibara2 and Takeshi Mizuno4

1Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
2Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehiro 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
3Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehiro 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
4Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
5Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan

6Corresponding author: Norihito Nakamichi, Fax: +81-45-503-9609 E-mail: nnakamichi{at}psc.riken.jp


  Abstract

Arabidopsis Pseudo Response Regulator (PRR) genes are components of the circadian clock mechanism. In order to understand the scope of genome-wide transcriptional regulation by PRR genes, a comparison survey of gene expression in wild-type Arabidopsis and a prr9-11 prr7-10 prr5-10 triple mutant (d975) using mRNA collected during late daytime was conducted using an Affymetrix ATH-1 GeneChip®. ‘Night genes’ expression increased and ‘day genes’ expression decreased toward the end of the diurnal light phase, but expression of these genes was essentially constant in d975. ‘Night genes’ expression levels were lower, whereas ‘day genes’ expression was higher in d975 than in wild-type. Bioinformatics approaches have indicated that the set of up-regulated genes in d975 and the set of cold-responsive genes have significant overlap. We found that d975 is more tolerant to cold, high salinity, and drought stresses than wild-type. In addition, dehydration-responsive element B1/C-repeat-binding factor (DREB1/CBF), which is expressed around mid-day, is more highly expressed in d975. Raffinose and L-proline accumulated at higher levels in d975 even when plants were grown under normal conditions. These results suggest that PRR9, PRR7, and PRR5 are involved in a mechanism that anticipates diurnal cold stress and which initiates a stress response by mediating cyclic expression of stress response genes, including DREB1/CBF.

Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana - Circadian rhythm - Cold Stress - Microarray - PRR

(Received November 26, 2008; Accepted January 4, 2009)
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A. Fukushima, M. Kusano, N. Nakamichi, M. Kobayashi, N. Hayashi, H. Sakakibara, T. Mizuno, and K. Saito
Impact of clock-associated Arabidopsis pseudo-response regulators in metabolic coordination
PNAS, April 28, 2009; 106(17): 7251 - 7256.
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