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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on December 26, 2008
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcn196
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Involvement of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNS and ROS) in sunflower-mildew interaction

Mounira Chaki, Ana M. Fernández-Ocaña, Raquel Valderrama, Alfonso Carreras, Francisco J. Esteban, Francisco Luque, María V. Gómez-Rodríguez, Juan C. Begara-Morales, Francisco J. Corpas1,* and Juan B. Barroso

Grupo de Señalización Molecular y Sistemas Antioxidantes en Plantas, Unidad Asociada al CSIC (EEZ), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Jaén, Spain.
1Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain.

Corresponding author: Dr. Francisco J Corpas Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC) Apartado 419 E-18080 Granada SPAIN [Fax: 34 958 129600; E-mail: javier.corpas{at}eez.csic.es]


  Abstract

Nitric oxide (.NO) has been shown to participate in plant response against pathogen infection; however, less is known of the participation of other NO-derived molecules designated as reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Using two sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) cultivars with different sensitivity to the infection by the pathogen Plasmopara halstedii, we studied key components involved in the RNS and ROS metabolism. Thus, we analysed the superoxide radical production, hydrogen peroxide content, L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and GSNO reductase activities. Furthermore, we examined the location and contents of .NO, S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and protein 3-nitrotyrosine (NO2-Tyr) by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and biochemical analyses. In the susceptible cultivar, the pathogen induces an increase in proteins that undergo tyrosine nitration accompanied by an augment in RSNOs. This rise of RSNOs seems to be independent of the enzymatic generation of .NO because the L-arginine-dependent NOS activity is reduced after infection. These results suggest that pathogens induce nitrosative stress in susceptible cultivar. On the contrary, in the resistant cultivar, no increase of RSNOs or tyrosine nitration of proteins was observed, implying an absence of nitrosative stress. Therefore, it is proposed that the increase of tyrosine nitration of proteins can be considered a general biological marker of nitrosative stress in plants under biotic conditions.

Keywords: Nitric oxide - Nitric oxide synthase - nitrosative stress - nitrotyrosine - reactive nitrogen species - RNS - S-nitrosoglutathione - S-nitrosoglutathione reductase

(Received December 3, 2008; Accepted December 12, 2008)
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M. Chaki, R. Valderrama, A. M. Fernandez-Ocana, A. Carreras, J. Lopez-Jaramillo, F. Luque, J. M. Palma, J. R. Pedrajas, J. C. Begara-Morales, B. Sanchez-Calvo, et al.
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