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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on December 20, 2007
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm175
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Defense-related signaling by interaction of arabinogalactan proteins and β-glucosyl Yariv reagent inhibits gibberellin signaling in barley aleurone cells

Kiyoshi Mashiguchi1, Eriko Urakami1, Morifumi Hasegawa2, Kazutsuka Sanmiya1,4, Ichiro Matsumoto1, Isomaro Yamaguchi3, Tadao Asami1 and Yoshihito Suzuki1

1 Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
2 College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan
3 Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan

Corresponding author: Dr. Yoshihito Suzuki, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan, Telephone + 81-3-5841-5192, FAX + 81-3-5841-8025, e-mail ayoshi{at}pgr1.ch.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp


  Abstract

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins present at the plasma membrane and in extracellular spaces. A synthetic chemical, β-glucosyl Yariv reagent (β-GlcY), binds specifically to AGPs. We previously reported that gibberellin (GA) signaling is specifically inhibited by β-GlcY treatment in barley aleurone protoplasts. In the present study, we found that β-GlcY also inhibited GA-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in aleurone cells. We examined the universality and specificity of the inhibitory effect of β-GlcY on GA signaling using microarray analysis and found that β-GlcY was largely effective in repressing GA-induced gene expression. In addition, more than 100 genes were upregulated by β-GlcY in a GA-independent manner, and many of these were categorized as defense-related genes. Defense signaling triggered by several defense system inducers such as jasmonic acid and a chitin elicitor could inhibit GA-inducible?events such as {alpha}-amylase secretion, PCD, and expression of some GA-inducible genes in aleurone cells. Furthermore, β-GlcY repressed the GA-inducible Ca2+-ATPase gene which is important for GA-dependent gene expression, and induced known repressors of GA-signaling, two WRKY genes and a NAK kinase gene. These effects of β-GlcY were also phenocopied by the chitin elicitor and/or jasmonic acid. These results indicate that GA signaling is under the regulation of defense-related signaling in aleurone cells. It is also probable that AGPs are involved in the perception of stimuli causing defense responses.

Keywords: aleurone layer - arabinogalactan protein - barley - defense response - gibberellin - protoplast

4 Current address: Department of Bioresources Engineering, Okinawa National College of Technology, Nago, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan

(Received September 19, 2007; Accepted December 17, 2007)
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