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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on October 22, 2007
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm144
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

The plant growth-promoting fungus Penicillium simplicissimum GP17-2 induces resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana by activation of multiple defense signaling pathways

Md. Motaher Hossain1, Farjana Sultana1, Mayumi Kubota2, Hiroyuki Koyama2 and Mitsuro Hyakumachi2,*

1United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Gifu University
2Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University

Corresponding author: Mitsuro Hyakumachi, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan, Telefax: +81 58-293-2847, Email address: hyakumac{at}cc.gifu-u.ac.jp


  Abstract

Arabidopsis thaliana grown in soil amended with barley grain inocula of Penicillium simplicissimum GP17-2 or receiving root treatment with its culture filtrate (CF) exhibited clear resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). To assess the contribution of different defense pathways, Arabidopsis genotypes implicated in salicylic acid (SA) signaling expressing the NahG transgene or carrying disruption in the NPR1 (npr1), jasmonic acid (JA) signaling (jar1) and ethylene (ET) signaling (ein2) were tested. All genotypes screened were protected by GP17-2 or its CF. However, the level of protection was significantly lower in NahG and npr1 plants than that of similarly treated wild type plants, indicating that the SA signaling pathway has a minor contribution to the GP17-2-mediated resistance and is insufficient for a full response. Examination of local and systemic gene expression revealed that GP17-2 and its CF modulate the expression of genes involved in both the SA and JA/ET signaling pathways. Subsequent challenge of GP17-2 colonized plants with Pst was accompanied by direct activation of SA-inducible PR-2 and PR-5 genes as well as potentiated expression of the JA-inducible Vsp gene. In contrast, CF-treated plants infected with Pst exhibited elevated expression of most defense-related genes (PR-1, PR-2, PR-5, PDF1.2 and Hel) studied. Moreover, an initial elevation of SA responses was followed by late induction of JA responses during Pst infection of ISR-expressing plants. In conclusion, we hypothesize the involvement of multiple defense mechanisms leading to an induced systemic resistance of Arabidopsis by GP17-2.

Keywords: salicylic acid - jasmonate - ethylene - barley grain inoculum - culture filtrate - Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

(Received October 13, 2007; Accepted October 16, 2007)
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