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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on December 19, 2006
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcl060
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Perianth Bottom-Specific Blue Color Development in Tulip cv. Murasakizuisho Requires Ferric Ions

Kazuaki Shoji1,*, Naoko Miki2, Noriyuki Nakajima3, Kazumi Momonoi1,2, Chiharu Kato1 and Kumi Yoshida2,*

1 Agricultural Experiment Station, Toyama Agricultural Research Center, Yoshioka, Toyama, 939-8153 Japan.
2 Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan.
3 Biotechnology Research Center, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Imizu, 939-0398 Japan.

*Corresponding authors: Kazuaki Shoji, address: Yoshioka 1124-1, Toyama, 939-8153 Japan, tel: +81-76-429-2111, fax: +81-76-429-2701, e-mail: shoji{at}agri.pref.toyama.jp, Kumi Yoshida, address: Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan, tel: +81-52-789-5638, fax: +81-52-789-5638, e-mail: yoshidak{at}is.nagoya-u.ac.jp


  Abstract

The entire flower of Tulipa gesneriana cv. Murasakizuisho is purple, except the bottom, which is blue. To elucidate the mechanism of the different color development in the same petal, we prepared protoplasts from the purple and blue epidermal regions and measured the flavonoid composition by HPLC, the vacuolar pH by the proton-selective microelectrode, and element contents by the ICP method. Chemical analyses revealed that the anthocyanin and flavonol compositions in both purple and blue colored protoplasts were the same; delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside (1) and major three flavonol glycosides, manghaslin (2), rutin (3), and mauritianin (4). The vacuolar pH values of the purple and blue protoplasts were 5.5 and 5.6, respectively, without any significant difference. However, the Fe3+ content in the blue protoplast was approximately 9.5 mM, which was 25 times higher than that in the purple protoplasts. We could reproduce the purple solution by mixing 1 with two equimolar concentrations of flavonol with {lambda}vismax = 539 nm, which was identical to that of the purple protoplasts. Furthermore, addition of Fe3+ to the mixture of 1-4 gave the blue solution with {lambda}vismax = 615 nm identical to that of the blue protoplasts. We have established that Fe3+ is essential for blue color development in the tulip.

Keywords: Anthocyanin - Blue color - Ferric ion - Protoplast - Tulip - Vacuolar pH


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