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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on November 3, 2006
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcl031
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Received October 4, 2006
Accepted October 25, 2006

Regular paper

AtATG genes, homologs of yeast autophagy genes, are involved in constitutive autophagy in Arabidopsis root tip cells

Yuko Inoue 1, Takao Suzuki 1, Masaki Hattori 2, Kohki Yoshimoto 3, Yoshinori Ohsumi 3, and Yuji Moriyasu 2 *

1 School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Inoue, Y. and Suzuki, T. contributed equally to this work.
2 School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
3 Division of Molecular Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Yuji Moriyasu, E-mail: moriyasu{at}u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp


  Abstract

In Arabidopsis root tips cultured in medium containing sufficient nutrients and the membrane-permeable protease inhibitor E-64d, parts of the cytoplasm accumulated in the vacuoles of the cells from the meristematic zone to the elongation zone. Also in barley root tips treated with E-64, parts of cytoplasm accumulated in autolysosomes and preexisting central vacuoles. These results suggest that vacuolar and/or lysosomal autophagy occurs constitutively in these regions of cells. 3-Methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy, inhibited the accumulation of such inclusions in Arabidopsis root tip cells. Neither were such inclusions observed in root tips prepared from Arabidopsis T-DNA mutants in which AtATG2 or AtATG5, an Arabidopsis homolog of yeast ATG genes essential for autophagy, is disrupted. In contrast, an atatg9 mutant, in which another homolog of ATG is disrupted, accumulated a significant number of vacuolar inclusions in the presence of E-64d. These results suggest that both AtAtg2 and AtAtg5 proteins are essential for autophagy whereas AtAtg9 protein contributes to, but is not essential for, autophagy in Arabidopsis root tip cells. Autophagy that is sensitive to 3-methyladenine and dependent on Atg proteins constitutively occurs in the root tip cells of Arabidopsis.

Keywords: Arabidopsis; Autophagy; Cysteine protease inhibitor; 3-Methyladenine; Root tip cells; Vacuole.
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