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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on May 23, 2006
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcj063
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Plant and Cell Physiology 2006 © The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists (JSPP); all rights reserved.
Received March 8, 2006
Accepted May 13, 2006

Regular Paper

Distinct Roles of Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase Genes in Populus

Shanfa Lu 1 *, Yihua Zhou 2, Laigeng Li 1, and Vincent L. Chiang 1

1 Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7247, USA
2 Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7247, USA; Current address: Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Shanfa Lu, E-mail: slu{at}unity.ncsu.edu


  Abstract

Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) catalyzes the conversion of cinnamate into 4-hydroxy-cinnamate, a key reaction of phenylpropanoid pathway which leads to the biosynthesis of several secondary metabolites. C4H genes exist as a multigene family in various plant species. In order to understand the roles of individual C4H members, four C4H cDNAs (PtreC4Hs) were isolated from Populus tremuloides and three C4H loci (PtriC4Hs) were identified in the P. trichocarpa genome. The capability of Populus C4H isoforms in conversion of trans-cinnamate into p-coumaric acid was verified by the examination of yeast recombinant PtreC4H proteins. Populus C4H genes were expressed in various tissues, including developing xylem, phloem, and epidermis; however, the expression patterns of individual members were different from each other. Sequential analysis of C4H promoters showed that the differential expression of C4H genes was associated with cis-acting regulatory elements such as box L, box P, and H box, suggesting that the divergent C4H isoforms played distinct roles in the production of secondary metabolites. The involvement of specific C4H isoforms in the biosynthesis of guaiacyl and syringyl monolignols is discussed.

Keywords: Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H); lignin; phenylpropanoid; Populus tremuloides; Populus trichocarpa.
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