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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on March 15, 2006
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcj029
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Plant and Cell Physiology 2006 © The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists (JSPP); all rights reserved.
Received November 21, 2005
Accepted March 4, 2006

Regular Paper

Calcium Regulation of Sodium Hypersensitivities of sos3 and athkt1 Mutants

Tomoaki Horie 1, Rie Horie 1, Wai-Yin Chan 1, Ho-Yin Leung 1, and Julian I. Schroeder 1 *

1 Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Julian I. Schroeder, E-mail: julian{at}biomail.ucsd.edu


  Abstract

T-DNA disruption mutations in the AtHKT1 gene have been previously shown to suppress the salt sensitivity of the sos3 mutant. However, both sos3 and athkt1 single mutants show sodium (Na+) hypersensitivity. In the present study we further analyzed the underlying mechanisms for these non-additive and counteracting Na+ sensitivities by characterizing athkt1-1 sos3 and athkt1-2 sos3 double mutant plants. Unexpectedly, mature double mutant plants grown in soil clearly showed an increased Na+ hypersensitivity compared to wild type plants when plants were subjected to salinity stress. The salt sensitive phenotype of athkt1 sos3 double mutant plants was similar to athkt1 plants, which showed chlorosis in leaves and stems. The Na+ content in xylem sap samples of soil-grown athkt1 sos3 double and athkt1 single mutant plants showed dramatic Na+ over-accumulation in response to salinity stress. Salinity stress analyses using basic minimal nutrient medium and MS medium revealed that athkt1 sos3 double mutant plants show a more athkt1 single mutant-like phenotype in the presence of 3 mM external Ca2+, but show a more sos3 single mutant-like phenotype in the presence of 1 mM external Ca2+. Taken together multiple analyses demonstrate that the external Ca2+ concentration strongly impacts the Na+ stress response of athkt1 sos3 double mutants. Furthermore, the presented findings show that SOS3 and AtHKT1 are physiologically distinct major determinants of salinity resistance such that sos3 more strongly causes Na+ over-accumulation in roots, whereas athkt1 causes an increase in Na+ levels in the xylem sap and shoots and a concomitant Na+ reduction in roots.

Keywords: Salinity; HKT/Trk/Ktr transporter; Na+ transport; Na+ sensitivity; Arabidopsis thaliana.
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