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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on January 31, 2006
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pcj015
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Plant and Cell Physiology 2006 © The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists (JSPP); all rights reserved.
Received October 17, 2005
Accepted January 20, 2006

Regular Paper

Characterization of the Vernalization Response in Lolium perenne by a cDNA Microarray Approach

Stefano Ciannamea 1, Jacqueline Busscher-Lange 1, Stefan de Folter 1, Gerco C. Angenent 1, and Richard G. H. Immink 1 *

1 Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Richard G. H. Immink, E-mail: Richard.immink{at}wur.nl


  Abstract

Many plant species including temperate grasses require vernalization in order to flower. Vernalization is the process of promotion of flowering after exposure to prolonged periods of cold. To investigate the vernalization response in monocots the expression patterns of about 1500 unique genes of Lolium perenne were analyzed by a cDNA microarray approach, at different time points after transfer of plants to low temperatures. Vernalization of Lolium perenne takes around 80 days and therefore, the plants were incubated at low temperatures for at least 12 weeks. A total of 70 cold responsive genes were identified that are either up- or down-regulated with a minimal 2- fold difference compared to the common reference. The majority of these genes show a very rapid response to the cold treatment indicating that their expression is affected by the cold-stress and therefore, these genes are not likely to be involved in the flowering process. Based on hierarchical clustering, one gene could be identified that is down-regulated towards the end of the cold period and in addition, a few genes have been found that are up-regulated in the last weeks of the cold treatment and hence, are putative candidates for genes involved in the vernalization response. Three of the up-regulated genes are homologous to members of the MADS box, CONSTANS-like, and JUMONJI families of transcription factors, respectively. The latter two are novel genes not connected to vernalization induced flowering before. Furthermore, members of the JUMONJI family of transcription factors have shown to be involved in chromatin remodelling, suggesting that this molecular mechanism, like in Arabidopsis, plays a role in the regulation of the vernalization response in monocots.

Keywords: Arabidopsis; Flowering; Lolium; Microarray; Transcription factors; Vernalization.
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