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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on September 2, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pci198
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Plant and Cell Physiology 2005 © The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists (JSPP); all rights reserved.
Received July 13, 2005
Accepted August 30, 2005

Rapid Paper

Change in the Redox State of Glutathione Regulates Differentiation of Tracheary Elements in Zinnia Cells and Arabidopsis Roots

Kenji Henmi 1, Taku Demura 2, Seiji Tsuboi 3, Hiroo Fukuda 4, Masaki Iwabuchi 5, and Ken'ichi Ogawa 1*

1 Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan; Core Research of Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
2 Plant Science Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 1-7-22 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
3 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka-1, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
4 Plant Science Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 1-7-22 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
5 Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama 716-1241, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Ken'ichi Ogawa, E-mail: ogawa_k{at}bc4.so-net.ne.jp


  Abstract

Exogenously applied GSH and GSSG can control the in vitro differentiation of mesophyll cells to tracheary elements (TEs) in Zinnia elegans and de novo GSH synthesis is essential for the early differentiation [Henmi et al. (2001) Plant Cell Physiol. 42: 673-676]. The purpose of the present study is to address how GSH and GSSG control TE differentiation. GSSG transiently accumulated during the in vitro TE differentiation and exogenously applied GSSG downregulated transcript levels of GSSG reductase (GR), an enzyme maintaining glutathione in a reduced redox state, while there were no significant changes in transcript levels of enzymes involved in GSH synthesis. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing the GR gene showed delayed TE formation in the root, which was attributed to the suppression of cell division. Exogenously applied GSH had an effect similar to overexpression of the GR gene. These suggest that reduced states of glutathione suppress TE differentiation. In wild-type Arabidopsis, TE formation was promoted by application of GSSG at an appropriate concentration, but suppressed at higher concentrations. A T-DNA inserted knockout mutant of cytosolic GR exhibited delayed TE formation, this phenotype was little affected by GSSG application. Taken together, the process of the redox changes in glutathione is considered to be controlled via GR activity for TE differentiation.

Keywords: Differentiation; Glutathione; Glutathione reductase; Redox Regulation; Tracheary element; Zinnia elegans.
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