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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on August 26, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pci193
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Plant and Cell Physiology 2005 © The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists (JSPP); all rights reserved.
Received June 8, 2005
Accepted August 19, 2005

Regular Paper

Victorin Triggers Programmed Cell Death and Defense Response via Interaction with a Cell Surface Mediator

Yasuomi Tada 1 5, Koh Kusaka 2 5, Shigeyuki Betsuyaku 2, Takeshi Shinogi 3, Masaru Sakamoto 4, Yasuko Ohura 4, Shingo Hata 4, Tomoyo Mori 4, Yukio Tosa 4, and Shigeyuki Mayama 4*

1 Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Present address: Duke University, Department of Biology, LSRC Building, Research Drive, Box 91000, Durham, NC 27708-1000, USA
2 Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Present address: Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
3 Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Present address: Hiroshima University, Department of Applied Bioscience, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
4 Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Shigeyuki Mayama, E-mail: adean{at}ofc.kobe-u.ac.jp


  Abstract

The host-selective toxin victorin is produced by Cochliobolus victoriae, the causal agent of victoria blight of oats. Victorin has been shown to bind to the P protein of the glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) in mitochondria, and induce defense-related responses such as phytoalexin synthesis, extracellular alkalization and programmed cell death. However, evidence demonstrating that the GDC plays a critical role in the onset of cell death is still lacking, and the role of defense-like responses in the pathogenicity has yet to be elucidated. Here, cytofluorimetric analyses, using the fluorescein (VicFluor) or bovine serum albumin-fluorescein derivative of victorin (VicBSA), demonstrated that victorin-induced cell death occurs before these conjugates traverse the plasma membrane. As with native victorin, VicBSA clearly elicits apoptosis-like cell death, production of phytoalexin, extracellular alkalization, and generation of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates. These results suggest that the initial recognition of victorin takes place on the cell surface, not in mitochondria, and leads to the activation of a battery of victorin-induced responses. Pharmacological studies showed that extracellular alkalization is the essential regulator for both victorin- and VicBSA-induced cellular responses. We propose a model that victorin may kill the host cell by activating an HR-like response, independent of the binding to the GDC, through ion fluxes across the plasma membrane.

Keywords: apoptosis; Avena sativa; Cochliobolus victoriae; programmed cell death; Vb; victorin.

5 These authors contributed equally to the paper.


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