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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on May 3, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pci118
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Plant and Cell Physiology 2005 © The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists (JSPP); all rights reserved.
Received February 19, 2004
Accepted April 26, 2005

Regular Paper

Salicylic Acid Accumulation under O3 Exposure Is Regulated by Ethylene in Tobacco Plants

Daisuke Ogawa 1, Nobuyoshi Nakajima 2*, Tomoharu Sano 3, Masanori Tamaoki 2, Mitsuko Aono 4, Akihiro Kubo 4, Machi Kanna 5, Motohide Ioki 6, Hiroshi Kamada 7, and Hikaru Saji 4

1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; Biodiversity Conservation Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
2 Biodiversity Conservation Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
3 Laboratory of Intellectual Fundamentals for Environmental Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
4 Environmental Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
5 Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 6259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
6 Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
7 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nobuyoshi Nakajima, E-mail: naka-320{at}nies.go.jp


  Abstract

Ozone (O3), a major photochemical oxidant, induces leaf injury concomitant with salicylic acid (SA) synthesis. In pathogen-infected leaves, SA is synthesized via two pathways, involving phenylalanine or isochorismate. SA biosynthesis under O3 fumigation is not well understood. When we applied 14C-labeled benzoic acid (a precursor of SA in the pathway via phenylalanine) to O3-exposed tobacco leaves, it was effectively metabolized to SA. However, the activity and mRNA level of isochorismate synthase (ICS) were not increased. In contrast, ICS activity was increased in O3-exposed Arabidopsis thaliana L. These results suggest that SA is synthesized via benzoic acid from phenylalanine in O3-exposed tobacco leaves but via isochorismate in Arabidopsis.

Ethylene is a plant hormone that promotes leaf damage in O3-exposed plants. During O3 exposure, transgenic plants with a phenotype of reduced O3-induced ethylene production accumulated less SA than did wild-type plants. O3 increased the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the transcript levels of the chorismate mutase (CM) and PAL genes in wild-type tobacco, but their induction was suppressed in the transgenic plants. These results indicate that ethylene promotes SA accumulation by regulating the expression of the CM and PAL genes in O3-exposed tobacco.

Keywords: isochorismate synthase (ICS); chorismate mutase (CM); phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL); Arabidopsis; leaf injury; benzoic acid.
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