Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on March 13, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pci086
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1 Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a number of clock-associated protein components have been identified. Among them, CCA1 (CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED 1) / LHY (LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL), and TOC1 (TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1) are believed to be the essential components of the central oscillator. CCA1 and LHY are homologous and partially redundant Myb-related DNA-binding proteins, whereas TOC1 is a member of a small family of proteins, designated as PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR. It is also believed that these two different types of clock components form an autoregulatory positive/negative feedback loop at the levels of transcription/translation that generates intrinsic rhythms. Nonetheless, it was not yet certain whether or not other PRR family members (PRR9, PRR7, PRR5, and PRR3) are implicated in clock function per se. Employing a set of prr9, prr7, and prr5 mutant alleles, here we established all possible single, double, and triple prr mutants. They were extensively examined by comparing with each other with regard to their phenotypes of circadian rhythms, photoperiodicity-dependent control of flowering time, and photomorphogenic responses to red light during de-etiolation. Notably, the prr9 prr7 prr5 triple lesions in plants resulted in severe phenotypes: (i) arrhythmia in the continuous light conditions, and an anomalous phasing of diurnal oscillation of certain circadian-controlled genes even in the entrained light/dark cycle conditions, (ii) late flowering that was no longer sensitive to the photoperiodicity, and (iii) hypo-sensitiveness (or blind) to red light in the photomorphogenic responses. Phenotypes of the single and double mutants were also extensively characterized, showing that they exhibited circadian-associated phenotypes characteristic for each. These results are discussed from the viewpoint that PRR9/PRR7/PRR5 together act as period-controlling factors, and they play overlapping and distinctive roles close to (or within) the central oscillator in which the relative, PRR1/TOC1, plays an essential role.
Received February 23, 2005
Accepted March 10, 2005
Rapid Paper
Pseudo-Response Regulators, PRR9, PRR7, and PRR5, Play Together Essential Roles Close to the Circadian Clock of Arabidopsis thaliana
Takeshi Mizuno, E-mail: tmizuno{at}agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp
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