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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on March 7, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pci069
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Plant and Cell Physiology 2005 © The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists (JSPP); all rights reserved.
Received October 3, 2004
Accepted February 4, 2005

Regular Paper

Plant Cell Growth and Ion Flux Responses to the Streptomycete Phytotoxin Thaxtomin-A: Calcium and Hydrogen Flux Patterns Revealed by the Non-Invasive MIFE Technique

R. S. Tegg 1, L. Melian 2, C. R. Wilson 1, and S. Shabala 2*

1 Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research, New Town Research Laboratories, 13 St John's Avenue, New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia
2 School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
S. Shabala, E-mail: Sergey.Shabala{at}utas.edu.au


  Abstract

Thaxtomin A, a key phytotoxin produced by plant pathogenic Streptomyces sp., is implicit in common scab disease expression in potato. Primary targets and modes of action of thaxtomin A toxicity in plant cells are not well understood. In this work, early signalling events associated with thaxtomin A toxicity were studied using ion-selective microelectrode ion flux estimation (the MIFE) technique. Thaxtomin A-induced changes in net ion fluxes were measured across the plasma membrane (PM) of root and pollen tube tissue in Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato. Within a minute after toxin application, a rapid and short-lived Ca2+ influx was observed. Well ahead of the marked inhibition of root growth, a significant shift towards net H+ efflux across the PM occurred in all tissues. Similar to root tissues, thaxtomin A significantly modified ion flux profiles from growing pollen tubes. Thaxtomin A was more effective in young, physiologically active tissues (root elongation zone or pollen tube apex), suggesting higher density of thaxtomin A-binding sites in these regions. Overall, our data provides the first evidence that thaxtomin A triggers an early signalling cascade, which may be crucial in plant-pathogen interactions. It also suggests a possible interaction between thaxtomin A and PM auxin receptors, as revealed from experiments on auxin sensitive ucu2-2/gi2 A. thaliana mutant.

Keywords: Common scab disease of potato; Thaxtomin A; Ion flux; Calcium; Hydrogen; Pollen Tube growth.
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