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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access published online on February 2, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology, doi:10.1093/pcp/pci049
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Plant and Cell Physiology 2005 © The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists (JSPP); all rights reserved.
Received October 14, 2004
Revised December 28, 2004
Accepted January 7, 2005

Regular Paper

Myxol and 4-Ketomyxol 2'-Fucosides, Not Rhamnosides, from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102, and Proposal of Biosynthetic Pathway of Carotenoids

Shinichi Takaichi 1*, Mari Mochimaru 2, Takashi Maoka 3, and Hiroshi Katoh 4

1 Biological Laboratory, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 211-0063, Japan
2 Natural Science Faculty, Komazawa University, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8525, Japan
3 Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
4 Department of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Shinichi Takaichi, E-mail: takaichi{at}nms.ac.jp


  Abstract

We identified the molecular structures of carotenoids in some Anabaena and Nostoc species. The myxoxanthophyll and ketomyxoxanthophyll in Anabaena (another name, Nostoc) sp. PCC 7120, Anabaena variabilis IAM M-3, Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 and Nostoc sp. HK-01 were (3R,2'S)-myxol 2'-fucoside and (3S,2'S)-4-ketomyxol 2'-fucoside, respectively. The glycoside moiety of the pigments was fucose, not rhamnose. The major carotenoids were {beta}-carotene and echinenone, and the minors were {beta}-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and 3'-hydroxyechinenone. Based on the identification of the carotenoids and the completion of the entire nucleotide sequence of the genome in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and N. punctiforme PCC 73102, we proposed a biosynthetic pathway of the carotenoids and the corresponding genes and enzymes. Since only {zeta}-carotene desaturase (CrtQ) from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and {beta}-carotene ketolase (CrtW) from N. punctiforme PCC 73102 have been functionally identified, the other genes were searched by sequence homology only from the functionally confirmed genes. Finally, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among some Anabaena and Nostoc species, including some newly isolated species.

Keywords: Anabaena; carotenogenesis; carotenoid; 4-ketomyxol 2'-fucoside; myxol 2'-fucoside; Nostoc.
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