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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on January 23, 2009
Plant and Cell Physiology 2009 50(3):504-514; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp010
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Chlorogenic Acid Facilitates Root Hair Formation in Lettuce Seedlings

Megumi Narukawa1, Kaori Kanbara1, Yuji Tominaga1, Yurika Aitani1, Kazumasa Fukuda1, Takaaki Kodama1, Noriko Murayama1, Yoshiki Nara1, Takashi Arai1, Masae Konno1,2, Shinji Kamisuki1, Fumio Sugawara1, Masako Iwai1,2 and Yasunori Inoue1,2,*

1Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510 Japan
2Tissue Engineering Research Center, Research Institute of Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510 Japan

*Corresponding author: E-mail, inoue_y{at}rs.noda.tus.ac.jp; Fax, +81-4-7123-9767.


  Abstract

Root hairs, which arise from root epidermal cells, are tubular structures that increase the efficiency of water absorption and nutrient uptake. A low pH (pH 4) medium induced root hair formation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings, and the decapitation of shoots inhibited root hair formation. The addition of shoot extract to the medium restored root hair formation in the decapitated lettuce seedlings. These results suggest that factors essential to the formation of root hairs may be present in the shoot. We purified one factor from the shoot that facilitates root hair formation. This factor was identified as chlorogenic acid (CGA), a common polyphenol in higher plants. The presence of exogenous CGA in the medium induced root hair formation in decapitated lettuce seedlings at pH 4.0 and in intact lettuce seedlings at pH 6.0. The optimum concentration of CGA for root hair formation was identified as 10–5 M. Decapitation of the shoots reduced the CGA content in the roots to approximately one-third that in intact plants. Application of the CGA biosynthesis inhibitor L-{alpha}-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP, 10–6 M) to intact seedlings grown at pH 4.0 reduced both the CGA content of the roots and the total amount of root hairs. The addition of exogenous CGA restored root hair formation in intact seedlings treated with AOPP. These results suggest that CGA is essential for root hair formation in lettuce seedlings.

Keywords: Chlorogenic acid - Lettuce - Low pH - Root hair.

Abbreviations: ACC, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; ACN, acetonitrile; AOPP, L-{alpha}-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid; CD3OD, deuterated methanol; CGA, chlorogenic acid; COSY, correlation spectroscopy; ESI-MS, electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry; ESI-MS/MS, electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry; HMBC, heteronuclear multiple-bond connectivity; NAA, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; ROS, reactive oxygen species

(Received November 13, 2008; Accepted January 21, 2009)
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