Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on November 16, 2008
Plant and Cell Physiology 2008 49(12):1839-1850; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcn165
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Involvement of Arabidopsis Clock-Associated Pseudo-Response Regulators in Diurnal Oscillations of Gene Expression in the Presence of Environmental Time Cues
Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
*Corresponding author: E-mail, yamasino{at}agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp; Fax, +81-52-789–4091.
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Abstract |
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In plants, the circadian clock is implicated in the biological system that generates diurnal oscillations in cellular and physiological activities. The circadian clock must be synchronized (or entrained) to local time by environmental time cues, such as light/dark and/or hot/cold cycles. In Arabidopsis thaliana, although a number of clock-associated components have been uncovered over the last decade, the clock-associated elements that are involved in entrainment to environmental time cues are largely unknown. In this regard, we have been characterizing one core group of clock components that together control the pace of the central oscillator, including PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR9 (PRR9), PRR7, PRR5 and TIMING OF CAB2 EXPRESSION 1 (TOC1; or PRR1). The primary aim of this study is to clarify whether these PRR members are implicated in entrainment of the circadian clock to environmental time cues. For this purpose, the diurnal oscillation profiles of clock-controlled genes in the presence of environmental time cues were determined in a set of prr mutants, including a prr9 prr7 prr5 toc1 quadruple mutant. As an extreme phenotype, the prr9-10 prr7-11 prr5-11 toc1-2 quadruple mutant showed an arrhythmia phenotype even under light/dark and hot/cold cycles. In contrast, a cca1-1 lhy-11 toc1-2 triple mutant maintained robust oscillations in the presence of these environmental time cues, although their phases were markedly affected. Based on these results, we propose that the clock components PRR9, PRR7 and PRR5 together might represent elements necessary for the circadian clock to entrain properly to local time in response to light/dark and hot/cold cycles in natural habitats.
Keywords: Diurnal circadian rhythm — Light and temperature entrainment — Pseudo-response regulator family
Abbreviations: CCA1, CIRCADIAN CLOCK-ASSOCIATED 1; CO, CONSTANS; Col, Columbia-0; DD, continuous dark; ELF, EARLY FLOWERING; FFT-NLLS, fast Fourier transform non-linear least square; FKF1, FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1; GI, GIGANTEA; LHY, LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL; LL, continuous light; LUX, LUX ARRHYTHMO; PCL1, PHYTOCLOCK 1; PIF, PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR; PRR, PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR; qRT–PCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase-aided real-time PCR; STO, SALT TOLERANCE; TOC1, TIMING OF CAB2 EXPRESSION 1
(Received August 20, 2008; Accepted October 27, 2008)
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