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Plant and Cell Physiology, 2004, Vol. 45, No. 4 407-415
© 2004 Oxford University Press

This paper is dedicated to Professor Keishiro Wada to commemorate his retirement from the University of Kanazawa. Work with Professor Wada on purothionin provided the first evidence for a role for thioredoxin in seeds (Wada and Buchanan 1981, Johnson et al. 1987).

Thioredoxin Reduction Alters the Solubility of Proteins of Wheat Starchy Endosperm: An Early Event in Cereal Germination

Joshua H. Wong1, Nick Cai1, Charlene K. Tanaka2, William H. Vensel2, William J. Hurkman2 and Bob B. Buchanan1,3

1 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.
2 USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA 94710, U.S.A.

A KCl-soluble, albumin/globulin fraction of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starchy endosperm was further separated into a methanol-insoluble fraction that contained metabolic proteins and a methanol-soluble fraction that contained "chloroform-methanol" or CM-like proteins. Reduction of the disulfide bonds of the CM proteins with thioredoxin or dithiothreitol altered their properties so that, like the metabolic proteins, they were insoluble in methanol. Glutathione had little effect, indicating dithiol specificity. Proteomic analysis of the CM protein fraction revealed the presence of isoforms of low molecular weight disulfide proteins ({alpha}-amylase, {alpha}-amylase/trypsin and WCI proteinase inhibitors, lipid transfer proteins, {gamma}-thionins), stress enzymes (Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and peroxidase), storage proteins ({alpha}-, {gamma}- and {omega}-gliadins, low molecular weight glutenin subunits and globulins of the avenin N9 type), and a component of protein degradation (polyubiquitin). These findings support the view that, in addition to modifying activity and increasing protease sensitivity, reduction by thioredoxin alters protein solubility, thereby promoting processes of the grain starchy endosperm, notably the mobilization of reserves during germination and seedling development.

3 Corresponding author: E-mail, view{at}nature.berkeley.edu; Fax, +1-510-642-7356.


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