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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on January 28, 2009
Plant and Cell Physiology 2009 50(3):429-438; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp012
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Rapid Paper

The 14-3-3 Protein GF14c Acts as a Negative Regulator of Flowering in Rice by Interacting with the Florigen Hd3a

Yekti Asih Purwestri, Yuka Ogaki, Shojiro Tamaki, Hiroyuki Tsuji and Ko Shimamoto*

Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101 Japan

*Corresponding author: E-mail, simamoto{at}bs.naist.jp; Fax, +81-743-72-5502.


  Abstract

Hd3a and FT proteins have recently been proposed to act as florigens in rice and Arabidopsis, respectively; however, the molecular mechanisms of their function remain to be determined. In this study, we identified GF14c (a 14-3-3 protein) as an Hd3a-interacting protein in a yeast two-hybrid screen. In vitro and in vivo experiments, using a combination of pull-down assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation, confirmed the interaction between Hd3a and GF14c. Functional analysis using either GF14c overexpression or knockout transgenic rice plants indicated that this interaction plays a role in the regulation of flowering. GF14c-overexpressing plants exhibited a delay in flowering and the knockout mutants displayed early flowering relative to the wild-type plants under short-day conditions. These results suggest that GF14c acts as a negative regulator of flowering by interacting with Hd3a. Since the 14-3-3 protein has been shown to interact with FT protein in tomato and Arabidopsis, our results in rice provide important findings about FT signaling in plants.

Keywords: Flowering - GF14c - Hd3a - Protein interaction - Rice.

Abbreviations: 3-AT, 3-aminotriazole; BiFC, bimolecular fluorescence complementation; bZIP, basic/leucine zipper; CaMV, cauliflower mosaic virus; DTT, dithiothreitol; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GST, glutathione S-transferase; GUS, β-glucuronidase; LD, long day; PEBP, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine-binding protein; QTL, quantitative trait locus; RKIP, Raf kinase inhibitor protein; RNAi, RNA interference; RT–PCR, reverse transcription–PCR; SAM, shoot apical meristem; SD, short day; TBS, Tris-buffered saline; ZT, zeitgeber time.

(Received December 26, 2008; Accepted January 21, 2009)
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