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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on April 4, 2008
Plant and Cell Physiology 2008 49(5):814-824; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcn059
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Interactions of B-class complex proteins involved in tepal development in Phalaenopsis orchid

Wen-Chieh Tsai1, Zhao-Jun Pan2, Yu-Yun Hsiao2, Mei-Fen Jeng3, Ting-Feng Wu4, Wen-Huei Chen5 and Hong-Hwa Chen2,3,*

1Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National Tainan University, Tainan 700, Taiwan
2Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
3Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
4Department of Biotechnology, South Taiwan University of Technology, Tainan County 710, Taiwan
5Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan

*Corresponding author: E-mail, hhchen{at}mail.ncku.edu.tw; Fax, +886-6-235-6211.


  Abstract

In our previous studies, we identified four DEFICIENS (DEF)-like genes and one GLOBOSA (GLO)-like gene involved in floral organ development in Phalaenopsis equestris. Revealing the DNA binding properties and protein–protein interactions of these floral homeotic MADS-box protein complexes (PeMADS) in orchids is crucial for the elucidation of the unique orchid floral morphogenesis. In this study, the interactome of B-class PeMADS proteins was assayed by the yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. Furthermore, the DNA binding activities of these proteins were assessed by using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). All four DEF-like PeMADS proteins interacted individually with the GLO-like PeMADS6 in Y2H assay, yet with different strengths of interaction. Generally, the PeMADS3/PeMADS4 lineage interacted more strongly with PeMADS6 than the PeMADS2/PeMADS5 lineage did. In addition, independent homodimer formation for both PeMADS4 (DEF-like) and PeMADS6 (GLO-like) was detected. The protein–protein interactions between pairs of PeMADS proteins were further confirmed by using a GST pull-down assay. Furthermore, both the PeMADS4 homodimer and the PeMADS6 homodimer/homomultimer per se were able to bind to the MADS-box protein-binding motif CArG. The heterodimeric complexes PeMADS2–PeMADS6, PeMADS4–PeMADS6 and PeMADS5–PeMADS6 showed CArG binding activity. Taken together, these results suggest that various complexes formed among different combinations of the five B-class PeMADS proteins may increase the complexity of their regulatory functions and thus specify the molecular basis of whorl morphogenesis and combinatorial interactions of floral organ identity genes in orchids.

Keywords: Floral development - MADS-box protein - PeMADS - Phalaenopsis - Protein–protein interaction

Abbreviations: AP3, APETALA3; 3AT, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole; DEF, DEFICIENS; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay; GLO, GLOBOSA; GST, glutathione S-transferase; PI, PISTILLATA; SEP, SEPALATTA; Y2H, yeast two-hybrid.

(Received October 5, 2007; Accepted March 26, 2008)
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