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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on December 20, 2007
Plant and Cell Physiology 2008 49(2):178-190; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm175
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Defense-Related Signaling by Interaction of Arabinogalactan Proteins and β-Glucosyl Yariv Reagent Inhibits Gibberellin Signaling in Barley Aleurone Cells

Kiyoshi Mashiguchi1, Eriko Urakami1, Morifumi Hasegawa2, Kazutsuka Sanmiya1,4, Ichiro Matsumoto1, Isomaro Yamaguchi3, Tadao Asami1 and Yoshihito Suzuki1,*

1Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
2College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393 Japan
3Department of Biotechnology, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0816 Japan

*Corresponding author: E-mail, ayoshi{at}pgr1.ch.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp; Fax, +81-3-5841-8025.


  Abstract

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins present at the plasma membrane and in extracellular spaces. A synthetic chemical, β-glucosyl Yariv reagent (β-GlcY), binds specifically to AGPs. We previously reported that gibberellin signaling is specifically inhibited by β-GlcY treatment in barley aleurone protoplasts. In the present study, we found that β-GlcY also inhibited gibberellin-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in aleurone cells. We examined the universality and specificity of the inhibitory effect of β-GlcY on gibberellin signaling using microarray analysis and found that β-GlcY was largely effective in repressing gibberellin-induced gene expression. In addition, >100 genes were up-regulated by β-GlcY in a gibberellin-independent manner, and many of these were categorized as defense-related genes. Defense signaling triggered by several defense system inducers such as jasmonic acid and a chitin elicitor could inhibit gibberellin-inducible events such as {alpha}-amylase secretion, PCD and expression of some gibberellin-inducible genes in aleurone cells. Furthermore, β-GlcY repressed the gibberellin-inducible Ca2+-ATPase gene which is important for gibberellin-dependent gene expression, and induced known repressors of gibberellin signaling, two WRKY genes and a NAK kinase gene. These effects of β-GlcY were also phenocopied by the chitin elicitor and/or jasmonic acid. These results indicate that gibberellin signaling is under the regulation of defense-related signaling in aleurone cells. It is also probable that AGPs are involved in the perception of stimuli causing defense responses.

Keywords: Aleurone layer — Arabinogalactan protein — Barley — Defense response — Gibberellin — Protoplast

Abbreviations: AGP, arabinogalactan protein; AOS, allene oxide synthase; CH, N-acetylchitohexaose; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; FDA, fluorescein diacetate; FDR, false discovery rate; {alpha}-GalY, {alpha}-galactosyl Yariv reagent; GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol; β-GlcY, β-glucosyl Yariv reagent; JA, jasmonic acid; LOX, lipoxygenase; OPDA, 12-oxophytodienoic acid; PCD, programmed cell death; RT–PCR, reverse transcription–PCR; SA, salicylic acid.

4Present address: Department of Bioresources Engineering, Okinawa National College of Technology, Nago, Okinawa, 905-2192 Japan.

(Received September 19, 2007; Accepted December 17, 2007)
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