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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on February 6, 2007
Plant and Cell Physiology 2007 48(3):471-483; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm016
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

GASA4, One of the 14-Member Arabidopsis GASA Family of Small Polypeptides, Regulates Flowering and Seed Development

Ingrid Roxrud1,2,3, Stein Erik Lid2, Jennifer C. Fletcher3, Ed D. L. Schmidt4,5 and Hilde-Gunn Opsahl-Sorteberg2,3,5,*

1Genetwister Technologies BV, PO Box 193, NL-6700 AD Wageningen, The Netherlands
2Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
3Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA/UC Berkeley, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
4Netherlands Vaccine Institute, PO Box 457, NL-3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands

*Corresponding author: E-mail, hildop{at}umb.no; Fax, +47-64-96-59-01.


  Abstract

Members of the plant-specific gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) gene family play roles in hormone response, defense and development. We have identified six new Arabidopsis GASA genes, bringing the total number of family members to 14. Here we show that these genes all encode small polypeptides that share the common structural features of an N-terminal putative signal sequence, a highly divergent intermediate region and a conserved 60 amino acid C-terminal domain containing 12 conserved cysteine residues. Analysis of promoter::GUS (ß-glucuronidase) transgenic plants representing six different GASA loci reveals that the promoters are activated in a variety of stage- and tissue-specific patterns during development, indicating that the GASA genes are involved in diverse processes. Characterization of GASA4 shows that the promoter is active in the shoot apex region, developing flowers and developing embryos. Phenotypic analyses of GASA4 loss-of-function and gain-of-function lines indicate that GASA4 regulates floral meristem identity and also positively affects both seed size and total seed yield.

Keywords: Floral meristem identity - Gene regulation - Gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) gene family - Seed development - Seed size

Abbreviations: EST, expressed sequence tag; GASA, gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA); GUS, ß-glucuronidase

5These authors contributed equally to this work.

(Received October 23, 2006; Accepted January 28, 2007)
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