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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on January 3, 2007
Plant and Cell Physiology 2007 48(2):263-277; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcl063
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

ARR1 Directly Activates Cytokinin Response Genes that Encode Proteins with Diverse Regulatory Functions

Masatoshi Taniguchi1, Naokazu Sasaki2, Tomohiko Tsuge1, Takashi Aoyama1,* and Atsuhiro Oka1

1Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
2MesengerScape Co., Ltd, Hatagaya 3-20-2, TS Bldg.-101 Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0072 Japan

*Corresponding author: E-mail, aoyama{at}scl.kyoto-u.ac.jp; Fax, +81-774-38-3259.


  Abstract

Plant cells respond to cytokinins by changing their gene expression patterns. The histidyl–aspartyl (His–Asp) phosphorelay mediates the signal from cytokinin receptors to type-B response regulators including ARR1, which transactivate cytokinin primary response genes. However, the overall architecture of the signal cascade leading to cytokinin-responsive phenomena is still unclear, mainly because it is not known how the His–Asp phosphorelay is connected to downstream phenomena. To reveal events immediately downstream from the phosphorelay-mediated transcriptional activation, we searched for direct-target genes of ARR1 by exploiting ARR1{Delta}DDK–GR, a chimeric transcription factor that transactivates ARR1 direct-target genes in transgenic plants by glucocorticoid induction. We identified 23 direct-target genes, most of which were found to be cytokinin primary response genes. The arr1-1 mutation clearly affected the primary response in at least 17 genes, meaning that they respond primarily to cytokinins through the function of ARR1. The 17 genes encode proteins with diverse functions, including type-A response regulators, cytokinin metabolic enzymes and putative disease resistance response proteins. These results provide novel evidence indicating that the His–Asp phosphorelay is connected to diverse regulatory levels of cytokinin-responsive phenomena through ARR1 direct-target genes.

Keywords: Arabidopsis - ARR1 - Cytokinin - HiCEP - Phosphorelay - Target gene

Abbreviations: ARR, Arabidopsis response regulator; BA, benzyl adenine; CHX, cycloheximide; DEX, dexamethasone; DRRP, disease resistance response protein; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; HiCEP, high coverage expression profiling; HPt, histidine-containing phosphotransfer.

(Received November 11, 2006; Accepted December 21, 2006)
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