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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on October 9, 2007
Plant and Cell Physiology 2007 48(11):1601-1611; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm132
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Ligand-Dependent Reduction in the Membrane Mobility of FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2, an Arabidopsis Receptor-Like Kinase

Gul Shad Ali, K. V. S. K. Prasad, Irene Day and A. S. N. Reddy*

Department of Biology and Program in Molecular Plant Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA

*Corresponding author: E-mail, reddy{at}colostate.edu; Fax, +1-970-491-0649.


  Abstract

Arabidopsis FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2 (FLS2) is a transmembrane leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, which recognizes a conserved 22 amino acid peptide (flg22) of bacterial flagellin and activates downstream defense signaling pathways resulting in enhanced resistance against plant pathogens. The underlying mechanisms for the activation of FLS2 in the cell membrane, however, are not fully understood. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we demonstrate that approximately 75% of the FLS2 in the plasma membrane diffuses laterally with a diffusion coefficient of 0.34 µm2 s–1, indicating that it moves rapidly. Further, we show that FLS2 is less mobile in the presence of flg22, suggesting its ligand-dependent confinement to microdomains or transient interaction with other less mobile membrane proteins. Using an in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) system and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), which reveals in vivo protein–protein interactions, we show that FLS2 does not homodimerize either constitutively or in the presence of flg22. Our data suggest that the reduced mobility of FLS2 after binding flg22 and its existence in monomeric form are important mechanistic features of FLS2 early signaling.

Keywords: BiFC - flg22 - FRAP - FRET - Membrane protein - RLK

Abbreviations: BiFC, bimolecular fluorescence complementation; BL, BR, brassinosteroid; BRI1, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1; CFP, cyan fluorescent protein; D, diffusion coefficient; FLS2, FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2; FP, fluorescent protein; FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HA, hemagglutinin; LRR, leucine-rich repeat; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PEG, polyethylene glycol; RLK, receptor-like kinase; TLR, Toll-like receptor; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.

(Received September 4, 2007; Accepted October 2, 2007)
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