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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on September 28, 2007
Plant and Cell Physiology 2007 48(11):1534-1547; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcm123
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

Salt Tolerance Requires Cortical Microtubule Reorganization in Arabidopsis

Che Wang1,2, Jiejie Li1 and Ming Yuan1,*

1State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
2Biological Science and Technology College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, PR China

*Corresponding author: E-mail, mingyuan{at}cau.edu.cn; Fax, +8610-62733491.


  Abstract

Although the results of some studies indicate that salt stress affects the organization of microtubules, it remains an open question whether microtubules play an active role in the plant's ability to withstand salt stress. In the present study, we showed that salt stress-induced wild-type Arabidopsis seedling roots display right-handed skewed growth and depolymerization of the cortical microtubules. The results of a long-term observational study showed that cortical microtubules depolymerized then reorganized themselves under salt stress. Stabilization of microtubules with paclitaxel resulted in more seedling death under salt stress, while disruption of microtubules with oryzalin or propyzamide rescued seedlings from death. Seedlings in which the cortical microtubules were reorganized did not succumb to salt stress. These results suggest that both depolymerization and reorganization of the cortical microtubules are important for the plant's ability to withstand salt stress. Depolymerizing microtubules by drugs rescues seedlings from death under salt stress. This rescue effect was abolished by removing calcium from the medium or treatment with a calcium channel inhibitor. Depolymerization of the microtubules is followed by an increase in the free cytoplasmic calcium concentration. The addition of calcium to the growth medium increased the number of seedlings in which recovery of the cortical microtubules occurred, whereas the removal of calcium decreased the number of seedlings in which recovery occurred. Therefore, depolymerization of the cortical microtubules raises intracellular calcium concentrations, while reorganization of the cortical microtubules and seedling survival may be mediated by calcium influx in salt stress.

Keywords: Arabidopsis - Calcium - Cortical microtubules - Salt tolerance

Abbreviations: ABA, abscisic acid; CFP, cyan fluorescent protein; GFP, green fluorescent protein; hpt, hours post-transfer; PLD, phospholipase D; PPM, propyzamide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOS, salt overly sensitive; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein.

(Received May 21, 2007; Accepted September 20, 2007)
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