Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on January 30, 2006
Plant and Cell Physiology 2006 47(4):457-470; doi:10.1093/pcp/pcj012
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Isolation of cDNAs for R2R3-MYB, bHLH and WDR Transcriptional Regulators and Identification of c and ca Mutations Conferring White Flowers in the Japanese Morning Glory
1 National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
2 Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, 274-8510 Japan
3 Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
* Corresponding author: E-mail, shigiida{at}nibb.ac.jp; Fax, +81-564-55-7685.
The transcriptional regulators for anthocyanin biosynthesis include members of proteins containing an R2R3-MYB domain, a bHLH (basic helix–loop–helix) domain and conserved WD40 repeats (WDRs). Spacial and temporal expression of the structural genes encoding the enzymes for anthocyanin biosynthesis is thought to be determined by combinations of the R2R3-MYB, bHLH and WDR factors and their interactions. While the wild-type Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) exhibits blue flowers with colored stems and dark-brown seeds, the c mutants display white flowers with red stems and colored seeds, and the ca mutants exhibit white flowers with green stems and ivory seeds. Here, we characterize the tissue-specific expression of three MYB genes, three bHLH genes and two WDR genes in I. nil. We also show that the recessive c-1 and ca alleles are frameshift mutations caused by a 2 bp deletion and 7 bp insertions in the genes for the R2R3-MYB and WDR transcriptional regulators designated as InMYB1 and InWDR1, respectively. In addition to defects in flower, stem and seed pigmentations, the ca mutants were found to show reduced trichome formation in seeds but to produce leaf and stem trichomes and root hairs normally. Except for the gene for chalcone synthase E in the ca mutant, all structural genes tested were coordinately reduced in both c-1 and ca mutant flower limbs. However, slight but significant expression of the genes for chalcone synthase D, chalcone isomerase and flavanone 3-hydroxylase in the pathway for flavonol biosynthesis was detectable in c-1 and ca mutants, whereas no such residual expression could be observed in other genes involved in the later anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. The biological roles of the C-1 and Ca genes in I. nil epidermal traits and their evolutionary implications are also discussed.
The nucleotide sequences reported in this paper have been submitted to the DDBJ database under accession numbers AB232769 [GenBank] (IpMYB1 mRNA), AB232770 [GenBank] (InMYB1/C-1 mRNA), AB232771 [GenBank] (InMYB1/C-1 genomic DNA of TKS), AB232772 [GenBank] (InMYB1/C-1 genomic DNA of KK/ZSK-2), AB232773 [GenBank] (InMYB1/C-1 genomic DNA from a c-1 mutant line 78WWc-1), AB234211 [GenBank] (InMYB2 mRNA), AB234212 [GenBank] (InMYB3 genomic DNA), AB232774 [GenBank] (InbHLH1/InDEL mRNA), AB232775 [GenBank] (InbHLH2/InIVS mRNA), AB232776 [GenBank] (InbHLH3 mRNA), AB232777 [GenBank] (IpWDR1 mRNA), AB232778 [GenBank] (IpWDR2 mRNA), AB232779 [GenBank] (InWDR1/Ca mRNA), AB232780 [GenBank] (InWDR2 mRNA), AB232781 [GenBank] (InWDR1/Ca genomic DNA of KK/ZSK-2), AB232782 [GenBank] (InWDR1/Ca genomic DNA of TKS) and AB232783 [GenBank] (InWDR1/Ca genomic DNA from a ca-1 mutant line NS/W1ca1).
(Received September 20, 2005; Accepted January 18, 2006)
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