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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on December 2, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology 2006 47(1):154-163; doi:10.1093/pcp/pci231
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Colonization by the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Glomus versiforme Induces a Defense Response Against the Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita in the Grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.), Which Includes Transcriptional Activation of the Class III Chitinase Gene VCH3

Hai-Yan Li1,2,3, Guo-Dong Yang1, Huai-Rui Shu2, Yu-Tao Yang1, Bao-Xing Ye1, Ikuo Nishida4 and Cheng-Chao Zheng1,*

1 College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018 PR China
2 College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018 PR China
3 College of Biotechnology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118 PR China
4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan

* Corresponding author: E-mail, cczheng{at}sdau.edu.cn; Fax, +86-538-8226399.

Inoculation of the grapevine (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme significantly increased resistance against the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita. Studies using relative quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (RQRT–PCR) analysis of grapevine root inoculation with the AM fungus revealed an up-regulation of VCH3 transcripts. This increase was greater than that observed following infection with RKN. However, inoculation of the mycorrhizal grapevine roots with RKN was able to enhance VCH3 transcript expression further. Moreover, the increase in VCH3 transcripts appeared to result in a higher level of resistance against subsequent RKN infection. Constitutive expression of VCH3 cDNA in transgenic tobacco under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter also conferred resistance against RKN, but had no significant effect on the growth of the AM fungus. We analyzed ß-glucuronidase (GUS) activity directed by a 1,216 bp VCH3 promoter in transgenic tobacco following inoculation with both the AM fungus and RKN. GUS activity was negligible in the root tissues before inoculation, and was more effectively induced after inoculation with the AM fungus than with RKN. Moreover, GUS staining in the mycorrhizal transgenic tobacco roots was enhanced by subsequent RKN infection, and was found ubiquitously throughout the whole root tissue. Together, these results suggest that AM fungus induced a defense response against RKN in the mycorrhizal grapevine roots, which appeared to involve transcriptional control of VCH3 expression throughout the whole root tissue.

The upstream nucleotide sequence of the grapevine chitinase III gene which is reported in this paper has been submitted to the NCBI under the accession number AF441123 [GenBank] .

(Received March 30, 2005; Accepted November 10, 2005)
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