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Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on February 2, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology 2005 46(3):497-504; doi:10.1093/pcp/pci049
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JSPP © 2005

Myxol and 4-Ketomyxol 2'-Fucosides, not Rhamnosides, from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102, and Proposal for the Biosynthetic Pathway of Carotenoids

Shinichi Takaichi1,5, Mari Mochimaru2, Takashi Maoka3 and Hiroshi Katoh4,6

1 Biological Laboratory, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, 211-0063 Japan
2 Natural Science Faculty, Komazawa University, Setagaya, Tokyo, 154-8525 Japan
3 Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, 607-8414 Japan
4 Department of Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan

5 Corresponding author: E-mail, takaichi{at}nms.ac.jp; Fax, +81-44-722-1231.

We identified the molecular structures of carotenoids in some Anabaena and Nostoc species. The myxoxanthophyll and ketomyxoxanthophyll in Anabaena (also known as Nostoc) sp. PCC 7120, Anabaena variabilis IAM M-3, Nostoc punctiforme PCC 73102 and Nostoc sp. HK-01 were (3R,2'S)-myxol 2'-fucoside and (3S,2'S)-4-ketomyxol 2'-fucoside, respectively. The glycoside moiety of the pigments was fucose, not rhamnose. The major carotenoids were ß-carotene and echinenone, and the minor ones were ß-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and 3'-hydroxyechinenone. Based on the identification of the carotenoids and the completion of the entire nucleotide sequence of the genome in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and N. punctiforme PCC 73102, we proposed a biosynthetic pathway for the carotenoids and the corresponding genes and enzymes. Since only {zeta}-carotene desaturase (CrtQ) from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and ß-carotene ketolase (CrtW) from N. punctiforme PCC 73102 have been functionally identified, the other genes were searched by sequence homology only from the functionally confirmed genes. Finally, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among some Anabaena and Nostoc species, including some newly isolated species.

The nucleotide sequences of the 16S rDNA for Nostoc sp. YK-01 and KK-01 have been registered in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ under accession numbers AB187507 and AB187508, respectively.

6 Present address: Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan.

Received October 14, 2004; Accepted December 28, 2004
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