Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on February 2, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology 2005 46(2):292-299; doi:10.1093/pcp/pci024
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Analysis of Flowering Pathway Integrators in Arabidopsis
1 Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
2 Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, 449-701 Korea
3 Corresponding author: E-mail: ilhalee{at}plaza.snu.ac.kr; Fax, +82-2-872-1993.
Flowering is regulated by an integrated network of several genetic pathways in Arabidopsis. The key genes integrating multiple flowering pathways are FT, SOC1 and LFY. To elucidate the interactions among these integrators, genetic analyses were performed. FT and SOC1 share the common upstream regulators CO, a key component in the long day pathway, and FLC, a flowering repressor integrating autonomous and vernalization pathways. However, the soc1 mutation further delayed the flowering time of long day pathway mutants including ft, demonstrating that SOC1 acts partially independently of FT. Although soc1 did not show an obvious defect in flower meristem determination on its own, it dramatically increased the number of coflorescences in a lfy mutant, which is indicative of a defect in floral initiation. Therefore, double mutant analysis shows that the three integrators have both overlapping and independent functions in the determination of flowering time and floral initiation. The expression analysis showed that FT regulates SOC1 expression, and SOC1 regulates LFY expression, but not vice versa, which is consistent with the fact that FT and LFY have the least overlapping functions among the three integrators. The triple mutation ft soc1 lfy did not block flowering completely under long days, indicating the presence of other integrators. Finally, vernalization accelerated flowering of flc ft soc1 and ft soc1 lfy triple mutants, which shows that the vernalization pathway also has targets other than FLC, FT, SOC1 and LFY. Our genetic analysis reveals the intricate nature of genetic networks for flowering.
Received October 4, 2004; Accepted November 22, 2004
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  Md. R. Karim, A. Hirota, D. Kwiatkowska, M. Tasaka, and M. Aida A Role for Arabidopsis PUCHI in Floral Meristem Identity and Bract Suppression PLANT CELL, May 1, 2009; 21(5): 1360 - 1372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Wollenberg, B. Strasser, P. D. Cerdan, and R. M. Amasino Acceleration of Flowering during Shade Avoidance in Arabidopsis Alters the Balance between FLOWERING LOCUS C-Mediated Repression and Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering Plant Physiology, November 1, 2008; 148(3): 1681 - 1694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Y. Kim, X. Yu, and S. D. Michaels Regulation of CONSTANS and FLOWERING LOCUS T Expression in Response to Changing Light Quality Plant Physiology, September 1, 2008; 148(1): 269 - 279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Alexandre and L. Hennig FLC or not FLC: the other side of vernalization J. Exp. Bot., April 4, 2008; (2008) ern070v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Kim, S. Lee, H. J. Kim, H. G. Nam, and G. An OsMADS51 Is a Short-Day Flowering Promoter That Functions Upstream of Ehd1, OsMADS14, and Hd3a Plant Physiology, December 1, 2007; 145(4): 1484 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Kobayashi and D. Weigel Move on up, it's time for change mobile signals controlling photoperiod-dependent flowering Genes & Dev., October 1, 2007; 21(19): 2371 - 2384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Choi, C. Park, J. Lee, M. Oh, B. Noh, and I. Lee Arabidopsis homologs of components of the SWR1 complex regulate flowering and plant development Development, May 15, 2007; 134(10): 1931 - 1941. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Faure, J. Higgins, A. Turner, and D. A. Laurie The FLOWERING LOCUS T-Like Gene Family in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Genetics, May 1, 2007; 176(1): 599 - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Lee, K. He, V. Stolc, H. Lee, P. Figueroa, Y. Gao, W. Tongprasit, H. Zhao, I. Lee, and X. W. Deng Analysis of Transcription Factor HY5 Genomic Binding Sites Revealed Its Hierarchical Role in Light Regulation of Development PLANT CELL, March 1, 2007; 19(3): 731 - 749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ciannamea, K. Kaufmann, M. Frau, I. A. N. Tonaco, K. Petersen, K. K. Nielsen, G. C. Angenent, and R. G. H. Immink Protein interactions of MADS box transcription factors involved in flowering in Lolium perenne J. Exp. Bot., October 1, 2006; 57(13): 3419 - 3431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Li, X. Li, H. Su, H. Chen, and D. W. Galbraith A framework of integrating gene relations from heterogeneous data sources: an experiment on Arabidopsis thaliana Bioinformatics, August 15, 2006; 22(16): 2037 - 2043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Laubinger, V. Marchal, J. Gentilhomme, S. Wenkel, J. Adrian, S. Jang, C. Kulajta, H. Braun, G. Coupland, and U. Hoecker Arabidopsis SPA proteins regulate photoperiodic flowering and interact with the floral inducer CONSTANS to regulate its stability Development, August 15, 2006; 133(16): 3213 - 3222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Schonrock, R. Bouveret, O. Leroy, L. Borghi, C. Kohler, W. Gruissem, and L. Hennig Polycomb-group proteins repressthe floral activator AGL19 in the FLC-independent vernalization pathway. Genes & Dev., June 15, 2006; 20(12): 1667 - 1678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Bouveret, N. Schonrock, W. Gruissem, and L. Hennig Regulation of flowering time by Arabidopsis MSI1 Development, May 1, 2006; 133(9): 1693 - 1702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Searle, Y. He, F. Turck, C. Vincent, F. Fornara, S. Krober, R. A. Amasino, and G. Coupland The transcription factor FLC confers a flowering response to vernalization by repressing meristem competence and systemic signaling in Arabidopsis. Genes & Dev., April 1, 2006; 20(7): 898 - 912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Choi, S. Kim, S. Y. Kim, M. Kim, Y. Hyun, H. Lee, S. Choe, S.-G. Kim, S. Michaels, and I. Lee SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA3 Encodes a Nuclear ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN6 Required for Floral Repression in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, October 1, 2005; 17(10): 2647 - 2660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Yoo, K. S. Chung, J. Kim, J. H. Lee, S. M. Hong, S. J. Yoo, S. Y. Yoo, J. S. Lee, and J. H. Ahn CONSTANS Activates SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 through FLOWERING LOCUS T to Promote Flowering in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, October 1, 2005; 139(2): 770 - 778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Yamaguchi, Y. Kobayashi, K. Goto, M. Abe, and T. Araki TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) Acts as a Floral Pathway Integrator Redundantly with FT Plant Cell Physiol., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 1175 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|