Plant and Cell Physiology Advance Access originally published online on September 2, 2005
Plant and Cell Physiology 2005 46(11):1757-1765; doi:10.1093/pcp/pci198
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Change in the Redox State of Glutathione Regulates Differentiation of Tracheary Elements in Zinnia Cells and Arabidopsis Roots
1 Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, 7549-1 Yoshikawa, Kibichuo-cho, Okayama, 716-1241 Japan
2 Core Research of Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan
3 Plant Science Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 1-7-22 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
4 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka-1, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
5 Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
* Corresponding author: E-mail, ogawa_k{at}bc4.so-net.ne.jp; Fax, +81-866-56-9454.
Exogenously applied GSH and GSSG can control the in vitro differentiation of mesophyll cells to tracheary elements (TEs) in Zinnia elegans, and de novo GSH synthesis is essential for the early differentiation. The purpose of the present study is to address how GSH and GSSG control TE differentiation. GSSG transiently accumulated during the in vitro TE differentiation and exogenously applied GSSG down-regulated transcript levels of GSSG reductase (GR), an enzyme maintaining glutathione in a reduced redox state, while there were no significant changes in transcript levels of enzymes involved in GSH synthesis. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing the GR gene showed delayed TE formation in the root, which was attributed to the suppression of cell division. Exogenously applied GSH had an effect similar to overexpression of the GR gene. These findings suggest that reduced states of glutathione suppress TE differentiation. In wild-type Arabidopsis, TE formation was promoted by application of GSSG at an appropriate concentration, but was suppressed at higher concentrations. A T-DNA-inserted knockout mutant of cytosolic GR exhibited delayed TE formation; this phenotype was little affected by GSSG application. Taken together, the process of the redox changes in glutathione is considered to be controlled via GR activity for TE differentiation.
The nucleotide sequences reported in this paper have been submitted to DDBJ under accession numbers: ZeGSH1 (AB158510 [GenBank] ), ZeGSH2 (AB158511 [GenBank] ), ZeDHAR (AB158512 [GenBank] ), ZeGR1 (AB158513 [GenBank] ) and ZeGR2 (AB158514 [GenBank] ).
(Received July 13, 2005; Accepted August 30, 2005)
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