| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Plant and Cell Physiology, 2003, Vol. 44, No. 6 555-564
© 2003 Oxford University Press
Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER 2 Gene Encodes a Heterochromatin Protein 1 Homolog and Represses both FLOWERING LOCUS T to Regulate Flowering Time and Several Floral Homeotic Genes
1 Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama, 716-1241 Japan
2 CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation
3 National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
Floral transition should be strictly regulated because it is one of the most critical developmental processes in plants. Arabidopsis terminal flower 2 (tfl2) mutants show an early-flowering phenotype that is relatively insensitive to photoperiod, as well as several other pleiotropic phenotypes. We found that the early flowering of tfl2 is caused mainly by ectopic expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, a floral pathway integrator. Molecular cloning of TFL2 showed that it encodes a protein with homology to heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) of animals and Swi6 of fission yeast. TFL2 protein localizes in subnuclear foci and expression of the TFL2 gene complemented yeast swi6– mutants. These results suggested that TFL2 might function as an HP1 in Arabidopsis. Gene expression analyses using DNA microarrays, however, did not show an increase in the expression of heterochromatin genes in tfl2 mutants but instead showed the upregulation of the floral homeotic genes APETALA3, PISTILLATA, AGAMOUS and SEPALLATA3. The pleiotropic phenotype of the tfl2 mutant could reflect the fact that TFL2 represses the expression of multiple genes. Our results demonstrate that despite its homology to HP1, TFL2 is involved in the repression of specific euchromatin genes and not heterochromatin genes in Arabidopsis.
4 These authors contributed equally to this work.
5 Present address: Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
6 Present address: Section of Plant Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
7 Corresponding author: E-mail, kgoto{at}v004.vaio.ne.jp; Fax, +81-866-56-9454.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  C. Liu, Z. Thong, and H. Yu Coming into bloom: the specification of floral meristems Development, October 15, 2009; 136(20): 3379 - 3391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Schwartz, S. Balasubramanian, N. Warthmann, T. P. Michael, J. Lempe, S. Sureshkumar, Y. Kobayashi, J. N. Maloof, J. O. Borevitz, J. Chory, et al. Cis-regulatory Changes at FLOWERING LOCUS T Mediate Natural Variation in Flowering Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana Genetics, October 1, 2009; 183(2): 723 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. He Control of the Transition to Flowering by Chromatin Modifications Mol Plant, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 554 - 564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-H. Shen and L. Xu Chromatin Remodeling in Stem Cell Maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana Mol Plant, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 600 - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Adrian, S. Torti, and F. Turck From Decision to Commitment: The Molecular Memory of Flowering Mol Plant, July 1, 2009; 2(4): 628 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Lagercrantz At the end of the day: a common molecular mechanism for photoperiod responses in plants? J. Exp. Bot., July 1, 2009; 60(9): 2501 - 2515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Calonje, R. Sanchez, L. Chen, and Z. R. Sung EMBRYONIC FLOWER1 Participates in Polycomb Group-Mediated AG Gene Silencing in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, February 1, 2008; 20(2): 277 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Barrero, R. Gonzalez-Bayon, J. C. del Pozo, M. R. Ponce, and J. L. Micol INCURVATA2 Encodes the Catalytic Subunit of DNA Polymerase {alpha} and Interacts with Genes Involved in Chromatin-Mediated Cellular Memory in Arabidopsis thaliana PLANT CELL, September 1, 2007; 19(9): 2822 - 2838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kim, K. Choi, C. Park, H.-J. Hwang, and I. Lee SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA4, Encoding a C2H2-Type Zinc Finger Protein, Represses Flowering by Transcriptional Activation of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C PLANT CELL, November 1, 2006; 18(11): 2985 - 2998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Guyomarc'h, M. Benhamed, G. Lemonnier, J.-P. Renou, D.-X. Zhou, and M. Delarue MGOUN3: evidence for chromatin-mediated regulation of FLC expression J. Exp. Bot., June 1, 2006; 57(9): 2111 - 2119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Mylne, L. Barrett, F. Tessadori, S. Mesnage, L. Johnson, Y. V. Bernatavichute, S. E. Jacobsen, P. Fransz, and C. Dean LHP1, the Arabidopsis homologue of HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1, is required for epigenetic silencing of FLC PNAS, March 28, 2006; 103(13): 5012 - 5017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Xia, J. Wang, C. Liu, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Zhai, J. Liu, X. Hong, X. Cao, J.-K. Zhu, et al. ROR1/RPA2A, a Putative Replication Protein A2, Functions in Epigenetic Gene Silencing and in Regulation of Meristem Development in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, January 1, 2006; 18(1): 85 - 103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Zemach, Y. Li, H. Ben-Meir, M. Oliva, A. Mosquna, V. Kiss, Y. Avivi, N. Ohad, and G. Grafi Different Domains Control the Localization and Mobility of LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 in Arabidopsis Nuclei PLANT CELL, January 1, 2006; 18(1): 133 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Nakahigashi, Z. Jasencakova, I. Schubert, and K. Goto The Arabidopsis HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 Homolog (TERMINAL FLOWER2) Silences Genes Within the Euchromatic Region but not Genes Positioned in Heterochromatin Plant Cell Physiol., November 1, 2005; 46(11): 1747 - 1756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Teper-Bamnolker and A. Samach The Flowering Integrator FT Regulates SEPALLATA3 and FRUITFULL Accumulation in Arabidopsis Leaves PLANT CELL, October 1, 2005; 17(10): 2661 - 2675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Choi, S. Kim, S. Y. Kim, M. Kim, Y. Hyun, H. Lee, S. Choe, S.-G. Kim, S. Michaels, and I. Lee SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA3 Encodes a Nuclear ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN6 Required for Floral Repression in Arabidopsis PLANT CELL, October 1, 2005; 17(10): 2647 - 2660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Yamaguchi, Y. Kobayashi, K. Goto, M. Abe, and T. Araki TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) Acts as a Floral Pathway Integrator Redundantly with FT Plant Cell Physiol., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 1175 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. CAVALIER-SMITH Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion Ann. Bot., January 1, 2005; 95(1): 147 - 175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Farrona, L. Hurtado, J. L. Bowman, and J. C. Reyes The Arabidopsis thaliana SNF2 homolog AtBRM controls shoot development and flowering Development, October 15, 2004; 131(20): 4965 - 4975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. R. Henderson and C. Dean Control of Arabidopsis flowering: the chill before the bloom Development, August 15, 2004; 131(16): 3829 - 3838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. An, C. Roussot, P. Suarez-Lopez, L. Corbesier, C. Vincent, M. Pineiro, S. Hepworth, A. Mouradov, S. Justin, C. Turnbull, et al. CONSTANS acts in the phloem to regulate a systemic signal that induces photoperiodic flowering of Arabidopsis Development, August 1, 2004; 131(15): 3615 - 3626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. K. Boss, R. M. Bastow, J. S. Mylne, and C. Dean Multiple Pathways in the Decision to Flower: Enabling, Promoting, and Resetting PLANT CELL, June 1, 2004; 16(suppl_1): S18 - S31. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Takada and K. Goto TERMINAL FLOWER2, an Arabidopsis Homolog of HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1, Counteracts the Activation of FLOWERING LOCUS T by CONSTANS in the Vascular Tissues of Leaves to Regulate Flowering Time PLANT CELL, December 1, 2003; 15(12): 2856 - 2865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|