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Plant and Cell Physiology, 2002, Vol. 43, No. 8 833-843
© 2002 Oxford University Press

Aberrant Expression of the Light-Inducible and Circadian-Regulated APRR9 Gene Belonging to the Circadian-Associated APRR1/TOC1 Quintet Results in the Phenotype of Early Flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana

Akinori Matsushika, Aya Imamura, Takafumi Yamashino and Takeshi Mizuno1

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan

Several Arabidopsis genes have been proposed to encode potential clock-associated components, including the Myb-related CCA1 and LHY transcription factors and a member (APRR1/TOC1) of the family of pseudo-response regulators. We previously showed that transcripts of the APRR1/TOC1 family genes each start accumulating after dawn rhythmically and sequentially at intervals in the order of APRR9->APRR7->APRR5->APRR3->APRR1/TOC1, under the conditions of continuous light. Nevertheless, no evidence has been provided that each member of the APRR1/TOC1 quintet, except for APRR1/TOC1, is indeed relevant to the mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms. Here we attempt to provide such evidence by characterizing transgenic plants that aberrantly (or constitutively) express the APRR9 gene in a manner independent of circadian rhythms. The resulting APRR9-ox plants showed intriguing phenotypes with regard to circadian rhythms, in two aspects. First, the aberrant expression of APRR9 resulted in a characteristic phenotype with regard to transcriptional events, in which short-period rhythms were commonly observed for certain circadian-regulated genes, including CCA1, LHY, APRR1/TOC1, other APRR1/TOC1 members, ELF3, and CAB2. With regard to biological consequences, such APRR9-ox plants flowered much earlier than wild-type plants, in a manner independent of photoperiodicity (or under short-day conditions). These results suggest that APRR9 (and perhaps other members of the APRR1/TOC1 quintet) must also be taken into consideration for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms, and also underlying control of the flowering time through the photoperiodic long-day pathway.

1 Corresponding author: E-mail, tmizuno@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp; Fax, +81-52-789-4091.


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