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Plant and Cell Physiology, 2001, Vol. 42, No. 10 1103-1111
© 2001 Oxford University Press

Gramine Increase Associated with Rapid and Transient Systemic Resistance in Barley Seedlings Induced by Mechanical and Biological Stresses

Hironobu Matsuo1,3, Kumiko Taniguchi1, Tadahiro Hiramoto1,4, Tetsuji Yamada1, Yuki Ichinose1, Kazuhiro Toyoda1, Kazuyoshi Takeda2 and Tomonori Shiraishi1,5

1 Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Genetic Engineering, College of Agriculture, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan 2 Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is one of the intriguing issues for studying the mechanism in signal transduction system in a whole plant. We found that SAR and increase of an antifungal compound were induced rapidly and transiently in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Goseshikoku) by mechanical and biological stresses. One of the major antifungal compounds was identified as an indole alkaloid, gramine (N,N-dimethyl-3-aminomethylindole), by mass spectrum and NMR analyses. Gramine is well known as a constitutive compound of barley, but it increased significantly in the primary and secondary leaves of barley seedlings within 12 h after pruning or inoculating with the powdery mildew fungi of barley (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) and wheat (B. graminis f.sp. tritici). However, in the leaf detached from unwounded seedlings or in the leaf inoculated with the barley powdery mildew fungus, gramine did not increase at all. In the water droplets contacted with barley leaves, the amount of leaked gramine increased dependently upon the time after the seedling was injured mechanically. We also found a tight correlation between gramine increase and enhancement of resistance to the barley powdery mildew fungus in barley leaves treated with an endogenous elicitor. Furthermore, such a systemic resistance was not observed in a barley cultivar Morex that lacks the biosynthetic pathway of gramine. From these results, we conclude that gramine is the excellent marker in rapid and transient systemic acquired resistance in barley.

3 Present address: Institute for Research and Development, Hokkoh Chem. Co., Ltd., Atsugi, 243-0023 Japan.

4 Present address: Basic Research Division, Central Research Laboratory, Takasago International Corporation, Hiratsuka, 254-0073 Japan.

5 Corresponding author: E-mail, tomoshir@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp; Fax, +81-86-251-8388.


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