Plant and Cell Physiology, 1997, Vol. 38, No. 10 1095-1102
© 1997
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Regulation of Levels of Proline as an Osmolyte in Plants under Water Stress
1 Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd. Hatoyama, Saitama, 350-03 Japan
2 Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 Japan
3 Biological Resources Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 Japan
Compatible osmolytes are potent osmoprotectants that play a role in counteracting the effects of osmotic stress. Proline (Pro) is one of the most common compatible osmolytes in water-stressed plants. The accumulation of Pro in dehydrated plants is caused both by activation of the biosynthesis of Pro and by inactivation of the degradation of Pro. In plants, L-Pro is synthesized from L-glutamic acid (l-G1u) via 
1-pyrroline-S-carboxylate (P5C) by two enzymes, P5C synthetase (P5CS) and P5C reductase (P5CR). L-Pro is metabolized to l-G1u via P5C by two enzymes, pro-line dehydrogenase (oxidase) (ProDH; EC 1.5.99.8
[EC]
) and P5C dehydrogenase (P5CDH; EC 1.5.1.12
[EC]
). Such metabolism of Pro is inhibited when Pro accumulates during dehydration and it is activated when rehydration occurs. Under dehydration conditions, when expression of the gene for P5CS is strongly induced, expression of the gene for ProDH is inhibited. By contrast, under rehydration conditions, when the expression of the gene for ProDH is strongly induced, the expression of the gene for P5CS is inhibited. Thus, P5CS, which acts during the biosynthesis of Pro, and ProDH, which acts during the metabolism of Pro, appear to be the rate-limiting factors under water stress. Therefore, it is suggested that levels of Pro are regulated at the level of transcriptional the genes of these two enzymes during dehydration and rehydration. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that Pro acts as an osmoprotectant and that overproduction of Pro results in increased tolerance to osmotic stress of transgenic tobacco plants. Genetically engineered crop plants that overproduce Pro might, thus, acquire osmotolerance, namely, the ability to tolerate environmental stresses such as drought and high salinity.
(Received June 13, 1997; Accepted September 10, 1997)
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